CH-3 (New Centres of Powers) NOTES

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CH-3 (New  Centres  of Powers)

Notes

1. After the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991,alternate centres of political and economic power along with America’s dominance emerged.

2. It was estimated that these alternate centres would limit America’s dominance.

3. While fixing regional solution to their historical enmities and weaknesses,these centres provided a way for development.

4. After the second world war, the organization for European Cooperation (OECC)was established by America, under the national plan.

5. The proceed with the process of economic integration of European capitalist countries systematically.

6. The council of Europe was established in 1949.it led to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957.

7. After the collapse of soviet bloc, European Union was established in 1992. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.

(INDO-CHINA RELATION)

§  Limited Political and cultural interaction.

§  Conflict of 1962.

§  Diplomatic Relations downgraded (1962-76)

§  Increased cooperation after Rajiv Gandhi Visit in 1988.

 

European Union

§  In 1992, the European Union was established with an aim to create common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs, and single currency among European nations.

§  Today, it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency with vast economic, political, diplomatic and military influence.

§  Economically, it is one of the biggest world economies,capable of threatening the US currency.

§  It also has a large share of world trade that allows it to assert in trade disputes and influence internation economic  organasation, such as the World Trade Organisation.

§  Politically, two of its members, Britain and France, are permanent members of the UN Security Council,along with several non-permanent members.This has allowed the EU negotiate instead of coerce its intrests in political affairs.

§  Military, its second highest spending on building defence capabilities has given it the second largest combined armed force in the world.

§  Two of its member, British and France also possess nuclear arsenals. Also, it is the second most important source of space and communication technologies.

§  However, the individual defence and foreign policies of its member nations and the Euro skepticism limit its ability of influencing foreign relations and defence.

 

(ASEAN)

§  ASEAN was established in 1967 by 5 countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines Singapore and Thailand, after signing the Bangkok declaration.

§  Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Cambodia joined ASEAN.

§  It was established with the aims of rapid economic growth, social progress and cultural development.

§  It also seeks to promote regional peace and stability.

§  Like the EU, it has also established ASEAN community in 2003

§  It consists of ASEAN Security Community, ASEAN economic community and ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.

§  In 1994, it also formed the ASEAN regional forum to coordinate in security and foreign policy.

§  Today, ASEAN is one of the fastest growing economies.

§  It seeks to create a common market and production base; aid social and economic development; and improve dispute resolution mechanism among the member states.

§  Externally, its vision 2020 has the plan to encourage negotiations and peace in international affairs.

§  India has signed free-trade agreements with ASEAN countries.

THE RISE OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY

§  In 1949, after the communist revolution under Mao, China embarked on its journey on the basis of the soviet model of economy.

§  Though the model allowed It to grow at a decent rate of 5-6 percent, it was not sufficient to meet the needs of  its growing population.

§  However, in 1970s, China ended its political and economic isolation by establishing its relations with the USA.

§  Premier Zhou Enlai Proposed four modernizations- agriculture, industry, science and technology and military.

§  In 1978, the then leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy to generate higher foreign investments in terms of capital and technology.

§  It privatized its agriculture in 1982 and industries in 1998.

§  Though the economy improved in China, there still remain the problems of unemployment, poor working conditions, environmental degradation and corruption.

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