CH-3 (New Centres of Powers) NOTES

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  CH-3 (New   Centres   of Powers) Notes 1. After the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991,alternate centres of political and economic power along with America’s dominance emerged. 2. It was estimated that these alternate centres would limit America’s dominance. 3. While fixing regional solution to their historical enmities and weaknesses,these centres provided a way for development. 4. After the second world war, the organization for European Cooperation (OECC)was established by America, under the national plan. 5. The proceed with the process of economic integration of European capitalist countries systematically. 6. The council of Europe was established in 1949.it led to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957. 7. After the collapse of soviet bloc, European Union was established in 1992. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. (INDO-CHINA RELATION) §   Limited Political and cultural interaction. § ...
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NOTES FOR CLASS 12TH CH-1 THE COLD WAR ERA

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NOTES

CH-1 THE COLD WAR ERA

12TH POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Cuban Missile Crisis made whole world nervous by creating clashes between the two superpowers, the US and Soviet Union namely cold war.

 

2. cold war referred to competitions, tensions and series of confrontations between the US and USSR.

 

3. In 1945 end of Second World War, Cold War begin when the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in diplomatic manner to warm Soviet Union.

 

4. Both the powers became reluctant to initiate war to protect world from large scale destruction as they were aware that it will not lead only political aim to them.

 

5. The greed of expansion of their spheres of influence divided the world into alliances.

 

6.  The US built NATO, South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).

 

7. Smaller States ,,Main either the alliance to get the promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local rivals.

 

8. Superpowers required them to gain on access to vital resources, territory to launch weapons and troops, to spy on each other and economic support.

 

9. Both the superpowers maintained 'arm control' by signing various treaties as Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

 

10. Countries outside the two blocks NAM (Non-Aligned Movement), joined by declonised countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America played a crucial role in reducing cold war conflicts to maintain peace and stability all over the world.

 

11. Five founder members of NAM were Yugoslavia Joseph Broz Tito, India's Jawahar Lal Nehru, Egypt's leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah.

 

12. The majority ofNAM members was categorised as Least Developed Countries(LDCs)  which initiated economic development under the head of New International Economic Order (NIEO).

 

13. The United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 to propose to give the (LDCs) control over there natural resources, to make Western market available to them to reduce cost of Technology and to provide greater role in international economic institutions.

 

14. NAM served India's interests also to participate in international decisions and maintained balance between two superpowers.

 

15. India's Policy was criticised on Grounds of possessing contradictory postures signed treaty of friendship with the USSR in August 1971 for 20 years and developed good relations with the US during Bangladesh crisis.

 

16. NAM is based on a resolve to democratise International system to redress existing inequality that poor and very small countries need not to follow any of the big powers instead they can pursue and independent foreign policy also.

 

17. These core values make NAM relevant even in todays scenario as it has stood of adverse circumstances and served and important purpose of protecting the interest of third world countries.

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