CH-3 (New Centres of Powers) NOTES

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  CH-3 (New   Centres   of Powers) Notes 1. After the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991,alternate centres of political and economic power along with America’s dominance emerged. 2. It was estimated that these alternate centres would limit America’s dominance. 3. While fixing regional solution to their historical enmities and weaknesses,these centres provided a way for development. 4. After the second world war, the organization for European Cooperation (OECC)was established by America, under the national plan. 5. The proceed with the process of economic integration of European capitalist countries systematically. 6. The council of Europe was established in 1949.it led to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957. 7. After the collapse of soviet bloc, European Union was established in 1992. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. (INDO-CHINA RELATION) §   Limited Political and cultural interaction. § ...
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NOTES FOR CH-2 ( END OF BIPOLARITY)

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POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 12th

Notes

CH-2 (The End of bipolarity)

1. Two superpowers came into existence after the second worls war-America and Soviet Union.

2.Cold war continued for many years between the two superpowers.

3. The berlin wall had been built at the height of cold war but in 1989,the people of eastern Germany broke the Berlin wall.

4. People revolted against the policies of soviet union to such an extent that Soviet Union was disintegrated.

5.Soviet system was based on the principle of Socialism which came into existence against capitalist system.

6. Under this system,emphasis was given to abolish institution of private property and consciously design society based on the principle of equality.

7. After the second world war,Soviet union subsidized basic necessities including health,education,childcare and other welfare schemes.

8.  The soviet union became very bureaucratic and authoritarian,making life very difficult for it citizens.

9.  Citizens were dissatisfy from the government.

10. Russia dominated everything and people of USSR felt neglected and often suppressed.

11. Soviet union lagged behind the west in technology,infrastructure and in fulfilling the political and economical aspiration of citizens.

12. Food import increased everywhere.

13. After the death of Brezhnev,Gorbachev became the president of soviet union.

14. He Introduced economic and political reform policies of ‘Perestroika’ ( restructuring) and “Glasnost’ (openness) understanding the seriousness of the situation .

15. He could not satisfy the high aspirations of people, communist party also opposed these policies.

16. In 1991, soviet Union disintegrated.

In December 1991, three major republics of USSR, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, under the leadership of Yeltsin, declared that the soviet union was disbanded.

THE FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR DISINTEGRATD OF SIVIET UNION:

1.      SOCIALIST SYSTEM.

2.       TO INVOLVE THE ARM RACE.

3.      INTERNAL WAEKNESS OF POLITICAL-ECONOMIC INSTITUTION.

4.      BACKWARDNESS OF SOVIET UNION IN COMPARISON TO WESTERN COUNTRIES.

5.      REFORM POLICIES OF GORVACHEV.

6.      DESPERATION OF FREEDO FROM SOCIALIST SYSTEM.

7.      MILITARY INTERFERENCE OF USSR IN AFGHANISTAN.

SIMILARITIES OF IDEOLOGY BETWEEN INDIA AND SOVIET UNION:

1. Both dreamed of multipolar world.

2. Collective responsibilities of securities.

3. More greater regionalism.

4. Negotiated settlements of international conflicts.

5. Independent policies of all countries.

6. Decision -making  through bodies like  UN.

                                                                                           TIMELINES

1.   In 1985 Gorbachev elected the General Secretary of the communist party of the Soviet union.

2.   Reforms starts in the Soviet Union.

3.   1989: In November

4.   Berlin wall fall down.

5.   1990… Russian parliament declares its independence from the Soviet Union.

6.   June 1991…..yeltsin becomes the president of Russia.

7.  25 dec  1991   … Gorbachev  resign as the president of Soviet Union in, the End of the Soviet Union

 

 

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